Dualism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dualism - Research Paper ExampleAre medical researchers deep down their rights to experiment on puppets if their research helps cure diseases? Do animal rights properly belong to the realm of philosophy and pedagogy, or is it a matter for the courts? At the crux of the issue is the meaning of sentience. Does feeling (i.e. physical sensation) equate to intelligence? The main thrust of this paper is to argue that the ability to feel pain establishes a stripped-down ethical criterion for not experimenting on animals and, if by extension, feelings and former(a) emotions are deemed to be present, then animal protection should acquire the force of law. Aristotle wrote that animals meet this minimal criterion, arguing that they are endowed with perceptive sensitivity, which appears inherent in all animals, for they have an innate power, which (is called) sensible perception (Aristotle, 354). But when it came to this sensitivity, Aristotle said, not all animals are created equal. He sa id that sense being inherent Name 2 in some animals, a permanency of the sensible object is engendered, but in others it is not engendered, as would be the case with insects, for instance (Aristotle, 354). Descartes made a similar distinction, but one which drew on mans supposedly divine nature, asserting that while animals wield an intelligence that allows them to carry out basic tasks, such as finding shelter, this intelligence is of a significantly outclassed type to the rational intelligence of man, which comes from his soul (Kang, 117). Ultimately, Descartes decided that animal intelligence cannot be compared to that of humans, because animals are unable to reason or communicate verbally. Nevertheless, whatever the limits of animal consciousness might be, countless theories have been developed to support the validity of animal intelligence. Physicalist and Neurofunctionalist philosophical admittancees Physicalism postulates that consciousness canbe identified with neuron act ivity, a grade that allows for the possibility that intelligence is a characteristic humans and animals share, so long as they are built upon the same biological, chemical and physical properties (Allen, 2010). Such an approach also claims that questions about the relative intelligence of different species becomes trivial once neuroscientists have carried out the non-trivial task of determining the physiological basis of consciousness in animals for which no reasonable doubt of their consciousness can be entertained (Allen, 2010). Neurofunctionalism considers the existence of neural cortex activity in primates as the to the highest degree plausible candidate for being the neural correlate of phenomenal consciousness in these species (Allen, 2010). In On a Confusion About a forge of Consciousness, N. Block associates phenomenal consciousness with brain processes in certain higher-level perceptual representations. Since the evidence for Name 3 such processes is at least partially d erived from animals, including other primates and rats, (Blocks) view is supportive of the that phenomenal consciousness is found in some nonhuman species (presumably most mammals) (Allen, 2010). Other first-order theories take a more condition line, including representationalism, which insists that an animals ability to perceive its surroundings equates to conscious awareness. Aristotle and Locke took a